Trophoblasts

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Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Controversy surrounds reports describing the derivation of human trophoblast cells from placentas and embryonic stem cells ESC , partly due to the difficulty in identifying markers that define cells as belonging to the trophoblast lineage. We tested these criteria on cells previously reported to show some phenotypic characteristics of trophoblast: bone morphogenetic protein BMP -treated human ESC and Ep, an embryonal carcinoma cell line. Both cell types only show some, but not all, of the four trophoblast criteria.

Trophoblasts

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. As an essential component of the maternal-fetal interface, the placental syncytiotrophoblast layer contributes to a successful pregnancy by secreting hormones necessary for pregnancy, transporting nutrients, mediating gas exchange, balancing immune tolerance, and resisting pathogen infection. Notably, the deficiency in mononuclear trophoblast cells fusing into multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Despite the availability of many models for the study of trophoblast fusion, there exists a notable disparity from the ideal model, limiting the deeper exploration into the placental development. Here, we reviewed the existing models employed for the investigation of human trophoblast fusion from several aspects, including the development history, latest progress, advantages, disadvantages, scope of application, and challenges. The literature searched covers the monolayer cell lines, primary human trophoblast, placental explants, human trophoblast stem cells, human pluripotent stem cells, three-dimensional cell spheres, organoids, and placenta-on-a-chip from to These diverse models have significantly enhanced our comprehension of placental development regulation and the underlying mechanisms of placental-related disorders.

Sheridan, Ridma C. These trophoblast cell lines can also be co-cultured with other cell types on microfluidic devices to create placenta-on-a-chip. Trophoblasts 1, trophoblasts.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'trophoblast. Send us feedback about these examples. Accessed 2 Mar. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! See Definitions and Examples ». Log In. Examples of trophoblast in a Sentence.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Abnormal placentation is considered as an underlying cause of various pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, the latter increasing the risk for the development of severe disorders in later life such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Despite their importance, the molecular mechanisms governing human placental formation and trophoblast cell lineage specification and differentiation have been poorly unravelled, mostly due to the lack of appropriate cellular model systems. However, over the past few years major progress has been made by establishing self-renewing human trophoblast stem cells and 3-dimensional organoids from human blastocysts and early placental tissues opening the path for detailed molecular investigations. Herein, we summarize the present knowledge about human placental development, its stem cells, progenitors and differentiated cell types in the trophoblast epithelium and the villous core. Anatomy of the early placenta, current model systems, and critical key regulatory factors and signalling cascades governing placentation will be elucidated. Formation of the placenta, the unique exchange organ between mother and fetus, is essential for successful human pregnancy and fetal health.

Trophoblasts

Trophoblasts are the outer layer of cells that provide nutrients to the embryo and form part of the placenta. Trophoblasts from the Greek words trephein, to feed, and blastos, germinator are cells that form the outer layer of a blastocyst. These cells provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. This layer of trophoblasts is also collectively referred to as the trophoblast, or, after gastrulation, the trophectoderm, as it is then contiguous with the ectoderm of the embryo. Trophoblasts play an important role in embryo implantation and interaction with the endometrium of the maternal uterus following decidualization. The trophoblast is composed of two layers: an inner cytotrophoblast and an outer syncytiotrophoblast. The syncytiotrophoblast is non-proliferative and thus relies on fusion of the underlying cytotrophoblast cells to expand.

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ISSN X. Vascular Biology of the Placenta. Sci Rep. To summarize, our results show that very high expression of C19MC miRNAs is a hallmark of first-trimester trophoblast. Reproduced from The Physiology of the more Edition Number : 1. HCG, secreted only by the ST, with some contribution from the hyperglycosylated form from EVT Cole, , can also be secreted by normal somatic tissues, particularly from the pituitary gland, and by a range of tumors Cole, However, it is believed that pericytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells and that they participate in different phases of placental vasculogenesis. Huppertz B, Gauster M. FEBS Lett. Published : 10 October Pages Chapter 4, Cell Types of the Placenta. Read Edit View history. In , Nadja et al.

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Histopathology of a chorionic villus , in a tubal pregnancy , with labeled cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. Stem Cell Rep. Derivation of human trophoblast stem cells. Informed written consent was obtained from all donors. In future, analysis of trophectoderm and trophoblast later in gestation can be done to confirm that these criteria define trophoblast throughout pregnancy. By contrast more Glycogen metabolism in human hormone-producing trophoblastic cells in continuous culture. Common trophoblast fusion models are limited in use because they cannot self-renew such as PHT and explants or have heterogeneity such as choriocarcinoma cell lines. Stem Cells Dev. Pericytes have also been shown to influence blood vessel functions including microvascular contractility, solute permeability, and smooth muscle stem cell function.