Ian turing

Alan Turing visited the United States during and

Alan Turing, born June 23, and died June 7, , was a British mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, philosophy, and mathematical biology. He also made major contributions to areas later named computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life. He developed a machine to help break the code in and at the end of the war, he was made an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire OBE for his code-breaking work. After the war, he was instrumental in helping create the first automatic computing engine and he was a founding father of artificial intelligence. He was a leading exponent in the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine, theorizing that the cortex was an unorganized machine at birth and with training, it becomes organized as if it were a machine. The Turing Test, which Turing proposed in , was the leading criterion for whether an artificial computer is thinking on it's own.

Ian turing

He graduated from King's College, Cambridge , with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a fellow at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes—no questions can never be answered by computation. He defined a Turing machine and proved that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable. For a time he led Hut 8 , the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers , including improvements to the pre-war Polish bomba method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Axis powers in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic. After the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory , where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine , one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In , Turing joined Max Newman 's Computing Machine Laboratory at the Victoria University of Manchester , where he helped develop the Manchester computers [12] and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis [13] [1] and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov—Zhabotinsky reaction , first observed in the s. Despite these accomplishments, Turing was never fully recognised in Britain during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act. Turing was prosecuted in for homosexual acts. He accepted hormone treatment with DES , a procedure commonly referred to as chemical castration , as an alternative to prison. Turing died on 7 June , 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death as a suicide , but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning. Following a public campaign in , British prime minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the government for "the appalling way [Turing] was treated".

German scientists at the Lorenz engineering company, adept at mathematics and its applications, had built a machine called Enigma that automated the processes of coding and decoding messages. Figure 2, ian turing. In other projects.

He left an extensive legacy in mathematics, science, society and popular culture. Turing was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire A biography published by the Royal Society shortly after Turing's death, [3] while his wartime work was still subject to the Official Secrets Act , recorded:. Three remarkable papers written just before the war, on three diverse mathematical subjects, show the quality of the work that might have been produced if he had settled down to work on some big problem at that critical time. Since , the Turing Award has been given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery for technical or theoretical contributions to the computing community.

Alan Turing was a British scientist and a pioneer in computer science. He also laid the groundwork for modern computing and theorized about artificial intelligence. An openly gay man during a time when homosexual acts were illegal in Britain, Turing committed suicide after begin convicted of "gross indecency" and sentenced to a procedure some call "chemical castration. In late , nearly 60 years after his death, Queen Elizabeth II formally pardoned him. Related: History of computers: A brief timeline. Born on June 23, , Turing was part of an upper-middle-class British family involved in colonial India.

Ian turing

Alan Turing - the Bletchley Park codebreaker - would have been years old on 23 June had he lived to the present day. To mark the occasion the BBC commissioned a week-long series of articles to explore his many achievements. These ranged from top-level signals, such as detailed situation reports prepared by generals at the battle fronts, and orders signed by Hitler himself, down to the important minutiae of war like weather reports and inventories of the contents of supply ships. Thanks to Turing and his fellow codebreakers, much of this information ended up in allied hands - sometimes within an hour or two of it being transmitted. The faster the messages could be broken, the fresher the intelligence that they contained, and on at least one occasion an intercepted Enigma message's English translation was being read at the British Admiralty less than 15 minutes after the Germans had transmitted it. On the first day of war, at the beginning of September , Turing took up residence at Bletchley Park, the ugly Victorian Buckinghamshire mansion that served as the wartime HQ of Britain's top codebreakers.

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The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America. The papers detailed using "mathematical analysis to try and determine which are the more likely settings so that they can be tried as quickly as possible". Archived from the original on 24 December Barry; van Leeuwen, Jan Report a problem. Archived PDF from the original on 21 May Retrieved 12 August Richard said that GCHQ had now "squeezed the juice" out of the two papers and was "happy for them to be released into the public domain". We saw that Turing was involved in constructing a physical model of such a machine both before and after World War II. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine. Archived from the original on 2 May He accepted hormone treatment with DES , a procedure commonly referred to as chemical castration , as an alternative to prison. He was known to his colleagues as "Prof" and his treatise on Enigma was known as the "Prof's Book". Archived from the original on 18 August He coped with his grief by working that much harder on the topics of science and mathematics that he had shared with Morcom.

He graduated from King's College, Cambridge , with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a fellow at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes—no questions can never be answered by computation.

He defined a Turing machine and proved that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable. Before then Turing had entered Cambridge University in and while there in the spring of took a course given by the topologist M. Archived PDF from the original on 29 August In mid-April , Turing sent Max Newman the first draft typescript of his investigations. University of Manchester. System Toolbox. In July , Turing devised a technique termed Turingery or jokingly Turingismus [] for use against the Lorenz cipher messages produced by the Germans' new Geheimschreiber secret writer machine. Turing's approach was more general, using crib-based decryption for which he produced the functional specification of the bombe an improvement on the Polish Bomba. Between the springs of and , at the same time as Church, Turing worked on the decidability of problems, starting from Godel's incompleteness theorems. It was published in , and so could not cover his war work. Retrieved 2 January A BBC series , as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century. Retrieved 10 December This remains a shame on the British government and British history. Archived from the original on 22 July