Glucuronidation

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Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Glucuronidation is a well-recognized phase II metabolic pathway for a variety of chemicals including drugs and endogenous substances. Although it is usually the secondary metabolic pathway for a compound preceded by phase I hydroxylation, glucuronidation alone could serve as the dominant metabolic pathway compounds, including some with high aqueous solubility. Glucuronidation involves the metabolism of parent compound by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases UGTs into hydrophilic and negatively charged glucuronides that cannot exit the cell without the aid of efflux transporters. Therefore, elimination of parent compound via glucuronidation in a metabolic active cell is controlled by two driving forces; the formation of glucuronides by UGT enzymes and the polarized excretion of these glucuronides by efflux transporters located on the cell surfaces in various drug disposition organs. Contrary to the common assumption that the glucuronides reaching the systemic circulation were destined for urinary excretion, recent evidences suggest that hepatocytes are capable of highly efficient biliary clearance of the gut-generated glucuronides.

Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation is a well-known phase II detoxification reaction that acts as a pathway for eliminating many drugs, endogenous substances substances produced by the body such as hormones, neurotransmitters , estrogens , mold toxins , and cancer-causing toxins. During the glucuronidation process, the glucuronic acid part of the UDP-glucuronic acid is transferred to the toxins to make them:. The process of glucuronidation occurs in the liver , and the compound UDP-glucuronic acid or Uridine Diphosphate glucuronic acid is an intermediary product formed in the liver. The primary role of any detoxification pathway is to neutralize any compound or molecule that can harm the body. When toxins are not efficiently eliminated, they build up in the body, causing tissue and organ damage and giving rise to diseases like cancer. Glucuronidation, is an essential detoxification pathway in the elimination of a large number of drugs , hormones, bile acids, hydroxysteroids, tobacco products, and other endogenous and xenobiotic compounds not produced by the body but found in it toxic compounds. UGT or glucuronidation enzymes can be found throughout the body. Though these enzymes are primarily found in the liver, they may also be found in organs like the kidney, brain, pancreas, placenta, and intestines. Since the liver is the primary organ of detoxification, most clinically used drugs, endogenous and xenobiotic compounds, are metabolized or broken down into smaller components here. In addition, some UGTs are located in the breast, where they work on inactivating estrogen and prevent prolonged exposure of breast cells to estrogen. The UGTs present in the brain protects the local tissues from harmful and toxic chemicals. UGTs or UDP-Glucuronyltransferases are phase II detoxification enzymes that actively participate in the glucuronidation of various drugs and endogenous compounds.

The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronidation or glucuronosides and are typically much more water - soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing substances from which they were originally synthesised, glucuronidation.

Glucuronidation is often involved in drug metabolism of substances such as drugs , pollutants, bilirubin , androgens , estrogens , mineralocorticoids , glucocorticoids , fatty acid derivatives, retinoids , and bile acids. These linkages involve glycosidic bonds. Glucuronidation consists of transfer of the glucuronic acid component of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid to a substrate by any of several types of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. UDP-glucuronic acid glucuronic acid linked via a glycosidic bond to uridine diphosphate is an intermediate in the process and is formed in the liver. The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronides or glucuronosides and are typically much more water - soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing substances from which they were originally synthesised. The human body uses glucuronidation to make a large variety of substances more water-soluble, and, in this way, allow for their subsequent elimination from the body through urine or feces via bile from the liver. Hormones are glucuronidated to allow for easier transport around the body.

Glucuronidation is a well-recognized phase II metabolic pathway for a variety of chemicals including drugs and endogenous substances. Although it is usually the secondary metabolic pathway for a compound preceded by phase I hydroxylation, glucuronidation alone could serve as the dominant metabolic pathway for many compounds, including some with high aqueous solubility. Glucuronidation involves the metabolism of parent compound by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases UGTs into hydrophilic and negatively charged glucuronides that cannot exit the cell without the aid of efflux transporters. Therefore, elimination of parent compound via glucuronidation in a metabolic active cell is controlled by two driving forces: the formation of glucuronides by UGT enzymes and the polarized excretion of these glucuronides by efflux transporters located on the cell surfaces in various drug disposition organs. Contrary to the common assumption that the glucuronides reaching the systemic circulation were destined for urinary excretion, recent evidences suggest that hepatocytes are capable of highly efficient biliary clearance of the gut-generated glucuronides. Furthermore, the biliary- and enteric-eliminated glucuronides participate into recycling schemes involving intestinal microbes, which often prolong their local and systemic exposure, albeit at low systemic concentrations.

Glucuronidation

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It facilitates the excretion of organic anions, especially bile acids. Crespy et al. In addition, a number of endogenous substances including sulfated steroid hormones estronesulphate etc. Biomed Chromatogr 29 — These findings strongly suggested the involvement of MRP2 and BCRP efflux transporters in the enterohepatic and enteric recycling, by controlling the biliary and luminal efflux of glucuronides in liver and intestine, respectively Xu et al. Mol Pharm 9 — Most were metabolites of its aglycone. American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. J Mass Spectrom 50 — J Agric Food Chem 63 —

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Hepatology 42 — Similarly, pharmacokinetics of ezetimibe glucuronide in human subjects with OATP1B1 polymorphism was affected. Hence, glucuronidation is an essential biological process in humans, protecting us from excessive accumulation of toxic substances in the body. OATP transporters show varied expression levels on the apical or basolateral side of various human tissues. What Is Glutathione Conjugation? Hattori et al. I bought the fitness, sleep and nutrition, and it makes so much sense for me and is very helpfull. BPA Bisphenol-A is a toxin present in plastic and known to cause diseases like breast cancer. Two variations or single nucleotide polymorphisms — SNPs in this gene are rs and rs Customer Reviews. Watercress Intake Studies have shown that watercress is rich in phenethyl isothiocyanate, which prevents cancers of all types.